The double-blind experiment is one in which Quizlet
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Both people giving and getting test don't know what procedure they are getting. Terms in this set (93)Double Blind Both people giving and getting test don't know what procedure they are getting. Internal Validity accuracy in concluding that the outcome of an experiment is due to the independent variable Confounding Variable When variables compete to explain the affects found in a study 7 Elements of Experimental Design Independent Variable Qualitative Research explores processes that underlie human behavior Inductive Specific data -> general theory deductive General theory -> specific data Qualitative Research Characteristics 1. Depth Rather than breadth Credibility demonstrates that the inquiry was conducted in such a manner to ensure that the participants were accurately identified and described. Confirmability (objectivity) can the findings of the study be confirmed by someone else? Trustworthiness of Qualitative Data 1. Persistent Observation Audit Trail theoretical memos including detailed descriptions of how you got from the data to the conclusions. Conceptual Saturation collect data until no new categories are generated. Negative Case Analysis search for and explain phenomena that do not fit. Revise hypotheses until they account for all known cases. Persistant Observation recurring observation of participants Member Checks present analysis of the data to informants for their confirmation or revision Peer Debriefing present analyses and conceptual abstractions of the data to other qualitative researchers (to explore inquirer bias and clarify meanings and the basis of interpretation) Content Analysis Used to identify content (messages, themes) in various types of materials. Data analysis includes: - Open coding Open Coding The initial "pass" through the data. Locate initial themes and name (code) them. Creates many new themes. Axial Coding Refining your categories Selective Coding Representing the whole - look
selectively for cases that illustrate each theme. Identify best quotations. Identify how themes best fit together. (ex. Pick a favorite from your ten groups. he has a great quote that I am going to use ) The research question is: Open coding -
identify the major themes for each participant. Some participants may have more than one theme coded (double coding). Axial coding - look at your major themes - are there any themes that could be collapsed into a broader category? Any sub-categories? Selective coding - what quote best represents each of your themes? Purposes of Critical Research: To change the world through... a) Empowerment - especially for less powerful groups (ie. women, racial minorities, people with disabilities, etc). b) Enlightenment - uncovering myths; exposing false ideologies. c) Emancipation - freeing people from false ideologies. Helping people change the world for themselves One-shot case study X- Treatment One group pretest-posttest O - Assessment Non-Equivilant Control Group There are 2 groups. One group receives a treatment, and the other does not, but both are tested them same way. X O, and O Classical Experimental Design R - Random Assignment Post-Test Only Control Group R - Random Assignment Persistent Observation going back and re-interviewing recurring observation in participants. Prolonged engagement gathering data over time Thick-Rich in depth description talk about the details Explicit Documentation of data collection methods & analysis at each stage Triangulation of Sources 3 different types of sources Triangulation of Method asking questions Interviewing Types 1) Informal conversational interviews secondary sources most books, Time magazine (second summary) primary Peer reviewed ACTUAL journal articles detailing research findings Non-Directional There isn't a relationship between infidelity and marital happiness Directional If there is more infidelity, there will be less happiness. There is a relationship between infidelity and marital happiness. Directional Hypothesis reflects a difference between groups and the direction of the difference is specified (if-then) Social Citation Index seeing how many times an article is cited PyschInfo (EBSCO) seeing specifics of articles, secondary source. Elements of a Research Paper Abstract Abstract Summary Introduction Hypothesis Methods Design Results data
Discussion Interpretation of results, Implications & Limitations Reliability how stable or consistent the measure is Validity it is measuring what you say it is Inter-rater (reliability) Consistency of results when the same test is given by different researchers. uses Cohen's Cappa Correlation coefficient (reliability) index of strength between 2 variables. Difference between test A and B. Inter-item consistency (reliability) Asks the same question 500 times. Kronbachs Alpha. How unified the items are in a test. Test-re-test (reliability) How stable a test is over time. Face Validity face to face, on the same level as fellow researchers Content Validity Breadth of items in the measure Criterion Validity how does the measure relate to already known standards Concurrent Validity how well a test measures present performance Predictive Validity how well it predicts future performance (correlation coefficient) Construct Validity operational definition accurately assesses theoretical concepts or results of the test are related to an underlying psychological construct. Discriminative Validity are you different enough - *correlation about .2 or less Convergent Validity Similar enough - *correlation about .8 or more General source News or news paper, or a novel Non -Probability Sampling Purposive Purposive choose participants based upon aims and purposes of the study Snowball participants nominate participants Quota get a certain number *used for representing the important subgroups in a population. Convenience All are convenience, but specifically a "convenience sample" makes no attempt to randomize population. You can tell it apart from the other non-probability samples because it lacks the criteria, snowballing, and subgroups of the other types. Probability Sampling SRS (Simple Random Sample) SRS (Simple Random Sample) generalizable, but takes time & a large sample Cluster list of clusters, random sample (ex: classroom) Sampling a cluster means they are all together in some form, like a club or quorum. Multi-Stage Cluster several levels of clusters, then sub-sampled Systematic every Kth element of list is selected Stratified population divided into strata and random selection made (ex: male & female strata, or gender strata) Different types of measurements - NORI Nominal (categorical)
Researcher is an important part of the qualitative process - he/she is the primary source. Ethics 1. Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1930-1972) Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1930-1972) Effects on black people vs. white people...When the real antidote for syphilis came out in 1950's, it was denied being given to the blacks...People went blind and many died. Belmont Report (1974) Beneficence - No harm! Threats to internal validity the accuracy in concluding that the outcome of an experiment is due to the independent variable. External Validity the extent to which results of an experiment can be Generalized. Experimental designs - Pros + Explores the CAUSAL relationship between variables Experimental designs - Cons - Experimenter may give subtle cues to participants on how to respond...Expectancy is an issue, but solvable with precautions of standardized procedure & double blind procedure. limitations of Correlational data. No proof of causation, only correlation (makes sense with the name). central tendency Mean Mean "average" score...Interval & ratio data. Best for continuous data. If skewed, mode or median will be more accurate. Median arranged scores lowest to highest & the median is in the middle. Best for rank order/ordinal data or unevenly distributed continuous data (possibly ratio or interval) Mode the score that appears most often. Best for categorical data. *Can be 2 or more. Post Hoc Doing research on something that couldn't be ethically tested. Qualitative Research research that examines phenomena within the cultural and social context in which it takes place IRB Process At least 5 members Quantitative Research The use of sampling techniques (such as consumer surveys) whose findings may be expressed numerically, and are amenable to mathematical manipulation enabling the researcher to estimate future events or quantities. Students also viewedCh. 4 Review Questions15 terms sabina_cail Ethics118 terms kirbpull LAW MIDTERM (ch. 1-9)46 terms Ashley_Terrero4 Chapter 136 terms McKenzieJ489 Sets found in the same folderNutrition, 6.8 Book Notes10 terms Gemma10 Factors affecting bioavailability74 terms luminegold Nutrition Chapter 5 (Exam 2)48 terms Kenziekehrer nutrition and society exam 261 terms brianna_tiano Verified questions
psychology What is the study of how the structure and function of genes interact with our environment to influence behavior called? a. Molecular behavior genetics. b. Evolutionary psychology. c. Biopsychosocialism. d. Heritability e. Natural selection. Verified answer psychology Although most members of the faculty were strongly against the proposed new schedule, they did not voice their objections because two well-liked senior faculty members were in favor of the new schedule. This small group of dissenters were demonstrating a. minority influence. b. ingroup bias. c. group polarization. d. group think. e. a norm. Verified answer psychology Ernest, a psychology major, is discussing hypnosis with his roommate, Phil. Phil says: “I can’t believe so many people fall for that hypnosis stuff. Hypnosis is just like dreaming. It’s just a different state of consciousness, and a dream can affect someone just like a supposed hypnotic state can.” Explain how Ernest might use the following terms as he discusses the validity of Phil’s claims. Posthypnotic suggestion. Divided-consciousness theory. Social influence theory. Dissociation. Verified answer psychology What is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation? Verified answer Recommended textbook solutions
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Myers' Psychology for AP2nd EditionDavid G Myers 900 solutions Myers' Psychology for the AP Course3rd EditionC. Nathan DeWall, David G Myers 955 solutions Other Quizlet setsEPME34 terms Rupica12 GEOL 120 Final207 terms quizlette82089772 American Government Chapter 211 terms Madelyn_Wilkes Exam 3134 terms kenzieleehebert What is a doubleDouble-Blind Study. -study in which the neither the experimenter nor the subjects know if the subjects are in the experimental or control group.
What is a double(DUH-bul-blind STUH-dee) A type of clinical trial in which neither the participants nor the researcher knows which treatment or intervention participants are receiving until the clinical trial is over. This makes results of the study less likely to be biased.
Is a doubleAnswer and Explanation: No, double-blind experiments do not increase the placebo effect. On the contrary, the double-blind procedure is conducted to minimize, decrease, and eliminate the influence of the placebo effect.
What is a doubleA double blind placebo-controlled experiment is. research in which neither the subjects nor the scientists know which group received the treatment and which group received a placebo.
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