Societies characterized by a reliance on mechanized labor to create material goods

Society and Social Interaction

achieved status: the status a person chooses, such as a level of education or income

agricultural societies: societies that rely on farming as a way of life

alienation: an individual’s isolation from his society, his work, and his sense of self

anomie: a situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness

ascribed status: the status outside of an individual’s control, such as sex or race

bourgeoisie: the owners of the means of production in a society

capitalism: a way of organizing an economy so that the things that are used to make and

transport products (such as land, oil, factories, ships, etc.) are owned by individual people and

companies rather than by the government

class consciousness: the awareness of one’s rank in society

collective conscience: the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society

false consciousness: a person’s beliefs and ideology that are in conflict with her best interests

feudal societies: societies that operate on a strict hierarchical system of power based around land

ownership and protection

habitualization: the idea that society is constructed by us and those before us, and it is followed

like a habit

horticultural societies: societies based around the cultivation of plants

hunter-gather societies: societies that depend on hunting wild animals and gathering

uncultivated plants for survival

industrial societies: societies characterized by a reliance on mechanized labor to create material

goods

information societies: societies based on the production of nonmaterial goods and services

institutionalization: the act of implanting a convention or norm into society

iron cage: a situation in which an individual is trapped by social institutions

looking-glass self: our reflection of how we think we appear to others

mechanical solidarity: a type of social order maintained by the collective consciousness of a

culture

1. Preface

2. 1 An Introduction to Sociology

   1. Introduction
   2. 1.1What Is Sociology?
   3. 1.2The History of Sociology
   4. 1.3Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology
   5. 1.4Why Study Sociology?
   6. Key Terms
   7. Section Summary
   8. Section Quiz
   9. Short Answer
   10. Further Research
   11. References
3. 1. Introduction
   2. 2.1Approaches to Sociological Research
   3. 2.2Research Methods
   4. 2.3Ethical Concerns
   5. Key Terms
   6. Section Summary
   7. Section Quiz
   8. Short Answer
   9. Further Research
   10. References
4. 1. Introduction
   2. 3.1What Is Culture?
   3. 3.2Elements of Culture
   4. 3.3High, Low, Pop, Sub, Counter-culture and Cultural Change
   5. 3.4Theoretical Perspectives on Culture
   6. Key Terms
   7. Section Summary
   8. Section Quiz
   9. Short Answer
   10. Further Research
   11. References

5. 4 Society and Social Interaction

   1. Introduction
   2. 4.1Types of Societies
   3. 4.2Theoretical Perspectives on Society
   4. 4.3Social Constructions of Reality
   5. Key Terms
   6. Section Summary
   7. Section Quiz
   8. Short Answer
   9. Further Research
   10. References
6. 1. Introduction
   2. 5.1Theories of Self-Development
   3. 5.2Why Socialization Matters
   4. 5.3Agents of Socialization
   5. 5.4Socialization Across the Life Course
   6. Key Terms
   7. Section Summary
   8. Section Quiz
   9. Short Answer
   10. Further Research
   11. References

7. 6 Groups and Organization

   1. Introduction
   2. 6.1Types of Groups
   3. 6.2Group Size and Structure
   4. 6.3Formal Organizations
   5. Key Terms
   6. Section Summary
   7. Section Quiz
   8. Short Answer
   9. Further Research
   10. References

8. 7 Deviance, Crime, and Social Control

   1. Introduction
   2. 7.1 Deviance and Control
   3. 7.2Theoretical Perspectives on Deviance and Crime
   4. 7.3Crime and the Law
   5. Key Terms
   6. Section Summary
   7. Section Quiz
   8. Short Answer
   9. Further Research
   10. References
9. 1. Introduction
   2. 8.1Technology Today
   3. 8.2Media and Technology in Society
   4. 8.3Global Implications of Media and Technology
   5. 8.4Theoretical Perspectives on Media and Technology
   6. Key Terms
   7. Section Summary
   8. Section Quiz
   9. Short Answer
   10. Further Research
   11. References

10. 9 Social Stratification in the United States

    1. Introduction
    2. 9.1What Is Social Stratification?
    3. 9.2Social Stratification and Mobility in the United States
    4. 9.3Global Stratification and Inequality
    5. 9.4 Theoretical Perspectives on Social Stratification
    6. Key Terms
    7. Section Summary
    8. Section Quiz
    9. Short Answer
    10. Further Research
    11. References
11. 1. Introduction
    2. 10.1Global Stratification and Classification
    3. 10.2Global Wealth and Poverty
    4. 10.3Theoretical Perspectives on Global Stratification
    5. Key Terms
    6. Section Summary
    7. Section Quiz
    8. Short Answer
    9. Further Research
    10. References
12. 1. Introduction
    2. 11.1Racial, Ethnic, and Minority Groups
    3. 11.2Theoretical Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity
    4. 11.3Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism
    5. 11.4Intergroup Relationships
    6. 11.5Race and Ethnicity in the United States
    7. Key Terms
    8. Section Summary
    9. Section Quiz
    10. Short Answer
    11. Further Research
    12. References

13. 12 Gender, Sex, and Sexuality

    1. Introduction
    2. 12.1Sex, Gender, Identity, and Expression
    3. 12.2Gender and Gender Inequality
    4. 12.3Sexuality
    5. Key Terms
    6. Section Summary
    7. Section Quiz
    8. Short Answer
    9. Further Research
    10. References
14. 1. Introduction
    2. 13.1Who Are the Elderly? Aging in Society
    3. 13.2The Process of Aging
    4. 13.3Challenges Facing the Elderly
    5. 13.4Theoretical Perspectives on Aging
    6. Key Terms
    7. Section Summary
    8. Section Quiz
    9. Short Answer
    10. Further Research
    11. References

15. 14 Relationships, Marriage, and Family

    1. Introduction
    2. 14.1What Is Marriage? What Is a Family?
    3. 14.2Variations in Family Life
    4. 14.3Challenges Families Face
    5. Key Terms
    6. Section Summary
    7. Section Quiz
    8. Short Answer
    9. Further Research
    10. References
16. 1. Introduction
    2. 15.1The Sociological Approach to Religion
    3. 15.2World Religions
    4. 15.3Religion in the United States
    5. Key Terms
    6. Section Summary
    7. Section Quiz
    8. Short Answer
    9. Further Research
    10. References
17. 1. Introduction
    2. 16.1Education around the World
    3. 16.2Theoretical Perspectives on Education
    4. 16.3Issues in Education
    5. Key Terms
    6. Section Summary
    7. Section Quiz
    8. Short Answer
    9. Further Research
    10. References

18. 17 Government and Politics

    1. Introduction
    2. 17.1 Power and Authority
    3. 17.2Forms of Government
    4. 17.3 Politics in the United States
    5. 17.4Theoretical Perspectives on Government and Power
    6. Key Terms
    7. Section Summary
    8. Section Quiz
    9. Short Answer
    10. Further Research
    11. References
19. 1. Introduction to Work and the Economy
    2. 18.1Economic Systems
    3. 18.2Globalization and the Economy
    4. 18.3Work in the United States
    5. Key Terms
    6. Section Summary
    7. Section Quiz
    8. Short Answer
    9. Further Research
    10. References
20. 1. Introduction
    2. 19.1The Social Construction of Health
    3. 19.2Global Health
    4. 19.3Health in the United States
    5. 19.4Comparative Health and Medicine
    6. 19.5Theoretical Perspectives on Health and Medicine
    7. Key Terms
    8. Section Summary
    9. Section Quiz
    10. Short Answer
    11. Further Research
    12. References

21. 20 Population, Urbanization, and the Environment

    1. Introduction
    2. 20.1Demography and Population
    3. 20.2Urbanization
    4. 20.3The Environment and Society
    5. Key Terms
    6. Section Summary
    7. Section Quiz
    8. Short Answer
    9. Further Research
    10. References

22. 21 Social Movements and Social Change

    1. Introduction to Social Movements and Social Change
    2. 21.1Collective Behavior
    3. 21.2Social Movements
    4. 21.3Social Change
    5. Key Terms
    6. Section Summary
    7. Section Quiz
    8. Short Answer
    9. References
23. 1. Chapter 1
    2. Chapter 2
    3. Chapter 3
    4. Chapter 4
    5. Chapter 5
    6. Chapter 6
    7. Chapter 7
    8. Chapter 8
    9. Chapter 9
    10. Chapter 10
    11. Chapter 11
    12. Chapter 12
    13. Chapter 13
    14. Chapter 14
    15. Chapter 15
    16. Chapter 16
    17. Chapter 17
    18. Chapter 18
    19. Chapter 19
    20. Chapter 20
    21. Chapter 21
24. Index

achieved statusthe status a person chooses, such as a level of education or incomeagricultural societiessocieties that rely on farming as a way of lifealienationan individual’s isolation from his society, his work, and his sense of self anomiea situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousnessascribed statusthe status outside of an individual’s control, such as sex or racebourgeoisie the owners of the means of production in a society capitalisma way of organizing an economy so that the things that are used to make and transport products (such as land, oil, factories, ships, etc.) are owned by individual people and companies rather than by the governmentclass consciousnessthe awareness of one’s rank in society collective consciencethe communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a societyfalse consciousnessa condition in which the beliefs, ideals, or ideology of a person are not in the person’s own best interestfeudal societiessocieties that operate on a strict hierarchical system of power based around land ownership and protectionhabitualizationthe idea that society is constructed by us and those before us, and it is followed like a habit horticultural societiessocieties based around the cultivation of plantshunter-gatherer societiessocieties that depend on hunting wild animals and gathering uncultivated plants for survivalindustrial societiessocieties characterized by a reliance on mechanized labor to create material goodsinformation societiessocieties based on the production of nonmaterial goods and services institutionalizationthe act of implanting a convention or norm into societyiron cagea situation in which an individual is trapped by social institutionslooking-glass selfour reflection of how we think we appear to others mechanical solidaritya type of social order maintained by the collective consciousness of a cultureorganic solidaritya type of social order based around an acceptance of economic and social differencespastoral societiessocieties based around the domestication of animalsproletariatthe laborers in a societyrationalizationa belief that modern society should be built around logic and efficiency rather than morality or traditionrole conflicta situation when one or more of an individual’s roles clashrole performancethe expression of a rolerole strainstress that occurs when too much is required of a single rolerole-setan array of roles attached to a particular statusrolespatterns of behavior that are representative of a person’s social statusself-fulfilling prophecyan idea that becomes true when acted uponsocial integrationhow strongly a person is connected to his or her social groupsocietya group of people who live in a definable community and share the same cultural componentsstatusthe responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to his or her rank and role in societyThomas theoremhow a subjective reality can drive events to develop in accordance with that reality, despite being originally unsupported by objective reality

PreviousNext

Kinetic by OpenStax offers access to innovative study tools designed to help you maximize your learning potential.

Want to cite, share, or modify this book? This book uses the Creative Commons Attribution License and you must attribute OpenStax.

Attribution information

• If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, then you must include on every physical page the following attribution:

  Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/introduction-sociology-3e/pages/1-introduction

• If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution:

  Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/introduction-sociology-3e/pages/1-introduction

Citation information

• Use the information below to generate a citation. We recommend using a citation tool such as this one.
  • Authors: Tonja R. Conerly, Kathleen Holmes, Asha Lal Tamang
  • Publisher/website: OpenStax
  • Book title: Introduction to Sociology 3e
  • Publication date: Jun 3, 2021
  • Location: Houston, Texas
  • Book URL: https://openstax.org/books/introduction-sociology-3e/pages/1-introduction
  • Section URL: https://openstax.org/books/introduction-sociology-3e/pages/4-key-terms

© May 31, 2022 OpenStax. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written consent of Rice University.

What is a society built largely on mechanized industry?

What type of society is based on the production of information and services?

What are the 4 types of society?

What type of society is engaged in mechanized production and the exchange of goods and services?