Which of the following represent the cognitive symptoms of major depression?
A mood disorder is a mental health condition that primarily affects your emotional state. They can cause persistent and intense sadness, elation and/or anger. Mood disorders are treatable — usually with a combination of medication and psychotherapy (talk therapy). Show
OverviewWhat is a mood disorder?A mood disorder is a mental health condition that primarily affects your emotional state. It’s a disorder in which you experience long periods of extreme happiness, extreme sadness or both. Certain mood disorders involve other persistent emotions, such as anger and irritability. It’s normal for your mood to change, depending on the situation. However, for a mood disorder diagnosis, symptoms must be present for several weeks or longer. Mood disorders can cause changes in your behavior and can affect your ability to perform routine activities, such as work or school. Two of the most common mood disorders are depression and bipolar disorder. What are all the mood disorders?Mood disorders include:
DepressionDepression (major or clinical depression) is a common mental health condition. Depressive symptoms include feeling sad or hopeless. The condition can also cause difficulty with thinking, memory, eating and sleeping. For a person to receive a diagnosis of clinical depression, symptoms must last for at least two weeks. There are several different types of depression, including:
Bipolar disorderBipolar disorder is a lifelong mood disorder and mental health condition that causes intense shifts in mood, energy levels, thinking patterns and behavior. There are a few types of bipolar disorder, which involve experiencing significant fluctuations in mood referred to as hypomanic/manic and depressive episodes. There are four basic types of bipolar disorder, including:
Other mood disordersOther mood disorders include:
Is anxiety a mood disorder?Anxiety (generalized anxiety disorder) isn’t a mood disorder. It’s classified as one of many anxiety disorders, including panic disorder and phobias. However, anxiety often precedes or coexists with mood disorders. Who do mood disorders affect?Mood disorders can affect anyone, including children, adolescents and adults. Major depression is twice as likely to affect women and people AFAB than men and people assigned male at birth (AMAB). How common are mood disorders?Mood disorders are relatively common in adults, with depression and bipolar disorder being the most common. Approximately 7% of adults in the United States have depression, while about 2.8% have bipolar disorder. Mood disorders are commonly seen in children and adolescents — approximately 15% have any mood disorder. Symptoms and CausesWhat are the symptoms of mood disorders?Each mood disorder has different symptoms and/or different patterns of symptoms. Mood disorders typically have symptoms that affect your mood, sleep, eating behaviors, energy level and thinking abilities (such as racing thoughts or loss of concentration). In general, depressive symptoms include:
In general, symptoms of hypomanic or manic episodes include:
What causes mood disorders?Researchers believe several factors contribute to the development of mood disorders, including:
Diagnosis and TestsHow are mood disorders diagnosed?If you or your child are experiencing symptoms of a mood disorder, a healthcare provider may perform a physical examination to rule out physiological causes for symptoms, such as thyroid disease, other illnesses or a vitamin deficiency. Your provider will ask about your medical history, any medications you’re taking and whether you or any family members have been diagnosed with a mood disorder. They may refer you to a mental health professional. A mental health professional, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist, will conduct an interview or survey, asking questions about your symptoms, sleeping and eating habits and other behaviors. They use criteria in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders to make diagnoses of mood disorders. In general, a mood disorder is diagnosed when sadness, elation, anger or other emotion is:
Management and TreatmentHow are mood disorders treated?Treatment for mood disorders depends on the specific condition and symptoms. Usually, treatment involves a combination of medication and psychotherapy (also called talk therapy). There are also other types of treatment, such as brain stimulation therapy. Medications for mood disordersMedications that healthcare providers may prescribe to help treat mood disorders include:
Psychotherapy for mood disordersPsychotherapy, also called talk therapy, is a term for a variety of treatment techniques that aim to help a person identify and change unhealthy emotions, thoughts and behaviors. Psychotherapy takes place with a trained, licensed mental health professional, such as a psychologist or psychiatrist. It can provide support, education and guidance to you and/or your family to help you function better and increase your well-being. Some of the more common types of psychotherapy include:
Other treatments for mood disordersOther treatments for mood disorders include:
PreventionCan mood disorders be prevented?At this time, there’s no known way to prevent mood disorders, but many of the related issues may be lessened with treatment. Seeking help as soon as symptoms appear can help decrease the disruption to your life. Outlook / PrognosisWhat is the prognosis for mood disorders?The prognosis (outlook) for mood disorders depends on several factors, including:
Depression and bipolar disorder may recur (come back after initial treatment) or be ongoing and, therefore, may require long-term or lifetime treatment. About one-third of people with a mood disorder develop psychotic disorders, and another one-third develop a lifetime anxiety disorder. Children and adults with a mood disorder have an increased risk of suicidal behavior. Seek help immediately if you have thoughts of harming yourself or others. If you live in the United States, you can call 988 for help. It’s the number for the Suicide & Crisis Lifeline. Someone will be available to talk to you at any time of the day. People with mood disorders also have an increased risk of the following:
It’s important to remember that mood disorders are treatable. Even though it may take a while to find the right treatment plan for you, stay committed to feeling better. Living WithWhen should I see my healthcare provider about a mood disorder?If you or your child are experiencing symptoms of a mood disorder, talk to a healthcare provider. If you’ve been diagnosed with a mood disorder, you’ll likely need to see your provider and/or mental health professional regularly to make sure your treatment plan is working. Discuss any concerns you have about changing or stopping medications with your provider or another health professional. Ask them whether you might need to try a different medication or have the dosage adjusted if the one you’re taking isn’t working or causes unpleasant side effects. A note from Cleveland Clinic It’s important to remember that mood disorders are mental health conditions. As with all mental health conditions, seeking help as soon as symptoms appear can help decrease the disruptions to your life. Mental health professionals can offer treatment plans that can help you manage your symptoms. Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Print Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 08/04/2022. References
Get useful, helpful and relevant health + wellness information enewsCleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Policy Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. Policy Related Institutes & ServicesNeurological InstituteThe Neurological Institute is a leader in treating and researching the most complex neurological disorders and advancing innovations in neurology. More health news + infoShow More
Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram LinkedIn Pinterest Snapchat ActionsAppointments & AccessAccepted InsuranceEvents CalendarFinancial AssistanceGive to Cleveland ClinicPay Your Bill OnlineRefer a PatientPhone DirectoryVirtual Second OpinionsVirtual VisitsBlog, News & AppsConsult QDHealth EssentialsNewsroomMyClevelandClinicMyChartAbout Cleveland Clinic100 Years of Cleveland ClinicAbout UsLocationsQuality & Patient SafetyOffice of Diversity & InclusionPatient ExperienceResearch & InnovationsCommunity CommitmentCareersFor EmployeesResources for Medical ProfessionalsSite Information & PoliciesSend Us FeedbackSite MapAbout this WebsiteCopyright, Reprint & LicensingWebsite Terms of UsePrivacy PolicyNotice of Privacy PracticesNon-Discrimination Notice9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 | 800.223.2273 | © 2022 Cleveland Clinic. All Rights Reserved. Which of the following is a cognitive symptom of major depression?The potential cognitive changes from depression include executive dysfunction, impaired learning and memory, reduced attention and concentration, and lower processing speed.
What are the cognitive factors of depression?Cognitive theories of depression posit that people's thoughts, inferences, attitudes, and interpretations, and the way in which they attend to and recall events, can increase their risk for the development and recurrence of depressive episodes.
What are some characteristic symptoms of major depression?The psychological symptoms of depression include:. continuous low mood or sadness.. feeling hopeless and helpless.. having low self-esteem.. feeling tearful.. feeling guilt-ridden.. feeling irritable and intolerant of others.. having no motivation or interest in things.. finding it difficult to make decisions.. Is major depression a cognitive disorder?In general, depression is a disorder of multiple networks with emotional, cognitive and emotional symptoms. Among these symptoms, cognition is a major determinant of functional and social outcomes.
|