What are the two diplomatic powers of the President?

The Senate plays a unique role in U.S. international relations. The Constitution authorizes the president to make treaties, but the president must then submit them to the Senate for its approval by a two-thirds vote. The Senate Foreign Relations Committee is integral to this process. The committee also evaluates nominees to the State Department.

The Constitutional Basis of the PresidencyThe framers of the Constitution, wanting "energy in the executive," provided for a single-headed office. However, with no explicit powers independent of Congress, the president is constitutionally little more than a chief clerk, whose main objective is to see that the laws, as enacted by Congress, are faithfully executed. Yet today, the presidency is the most important and powerful office in the American government.

1. What were the conflicting views of the framers of the Constitution over presidential power?
   • Article II of the Constitution provides for a small number of expressed powers for the office of president and is often called the "most loosely drawn chapter of the Constitution."
   • Article II represents a compromise between the conflicting views of the framers over the nature of the office of the president.
   • It appears that the framers intended the office to be one of delegated powers, since all of the powers of the national government are found in Article I, Section 8.
   • However, inherent powers can be inferred from the vague and ambiguous powers granted to the president.
2. What factors led to the growth of a more powerful presidency?
   • Congress began delegating more power to the president as chief executive beginning in the 1920s and 1930s.
   • The method of selection (electoral college) creates an executive that is largely independent of Congress.

1. What powers does the Constitution provide to the president as head of state?
   • The president has military powers as commander in chief of the armed forces and heads the secret intelligence network.
   • The president has the power to grant reprieves, pardons and amnesties (except for impeachment and conviction).
   • The president has diplomatic powers—e.g., the power to make treaties, to enter into executive agreements, to recognize the existence of countries, and to serve as America's leader in all aspects of foreign policy.
   • The cold war led to an expansion of presidential power such that the modern office is often referred to as the "imperial presidency".
2. What powers does the Constitution provide to the president as head of government?
   • The president is chief executive of the nation and is empowered to see that the laws of the United States are faithfully executed.
   • The president is empowered to use the military to protect every state against invasion and domestic violence (Article IV) upon request by the governor or state legislature; in some case, such as desegregation or a state on emergency, the president may use military power without consulting the states involved.
   • The president has the power to propose legislation pursuant to his power to issue a "State of the Union" message, and to use legislative initiative and executive orders to recommend such measures as he shall judge to be necessary and expedient.

1. What institutional resources does the president use to manage the executive branch?
   • Presidents have a number of institutional resources at their disposal including patronage, the Cabinet, the "inner Cabinet" or National Security Council, the White House staff, the Executive Office of the President, the vice president, and the first lady.
   • The Cabinet is the informal designation for the heads of the federal government departments.
   • Individuals that comprise the White House staff or "Kitchen Cabinet" are generally the closest advisers to the president.
   • The Executive Office of the President is composed of technical advisers including the Office of Management and Budget, which is responsible for coordinating the president's budget proposal.
   • The vice president exists to succeed the president and to preside over the Senate, breaking tie votes if necessary, but is essentially a political resource for the president during the election.
   • The first lady has evolved from being largely ceremonial to being a more involved and active participant in the formation of public policy.
2. Which of these resources have presidents increasingly relied on?
   • Presidential power is dependent upon the president's ability to persuade others to follow his leadership.
   • Accordingly, political resources including the election, the political party, interest groups, the media, public opinion, and mass popularity become as important as institutional resources in determining the power of the presidency.

What are the diplomatic powers of the president?

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