Why did the United States and the Soviet Union become enemies after World War 2
1. Activate prior knowledge about American and Soviet relations. Show
Ask students to share what they already know about the Soviet Union. Prompt students to suggest that the Soviet Union was our ally in World War II and was at odds with America during the Cold War. Explain to students that they are going to assess this shift in relations by analyzing a series of primary sources, so they will be able to answer the question: How did the Soviet Union become the enemy of the United States? Explain the learning objectives and skills addressed in the activity. Inform students they will be assessed at the end of the activity by analyzing a primary source they have never seen before. Remind students that active participation and engagement throughout the activity will ensure they have the historical knowledge and skills to analyze the new primary source at the end of activity. 2. Students analyze American propaganda from the 1920s. Tell students that as a class they are going to use primary sources to examine how Americans felt about the Soviet Union and communism during the 1920s. Display the first political cartoon from the Resource Carousel, and review it with students. Ask the following questions and ensure students are recording answers in their notebooks.
Then, display the second political cartoon and instruct students to analyze it. Repeat the same questions above, and have students record their answers again. Allow students to first work on their answers independently. If you wish, students can then share their responses with a partner or small group. Review answers together as a class. 3. Have a class discussion about American perceptions of and attitudes toward the Soviet Union during the 1920s. After students have reviewed both political cartoons, bring the class back together. Ask:
4. Analyze photos from World War II to examine changing American attitudes toward the Soviet Union. Project the first World War II photograph, an American solider and a Russian soldier, for students to see. Tell students this photo was taken during the middle of World War II. Ask: How does this photograph convey a different view than the cartoons we just analyzed? Then, project the second World War II photograph, The Big 3, for students to see. Tell students this photo depicts the leaders of Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union meeting during World War II. Ask:
5. Analyze Churchill’s Iron Curtain speech. Distribute the Iron Curtain and Cold War America worksheet to students and ask them to read the questions. Tell them they are going to read an excerpt from Winston Churchill’s Iron Curtain speech, and then answer the questions they have just read. Ask students to read the speech, and then have them answer the guided questions on their worksheet. After working independently for 10 minutes, have students pair with a partner to review their answers and prepare for a whole class discussion. 6. Conduct a class discussion about Churchill’s Iron Curtain speech and American perceptions of and attitudes toward the Soviet Union during the late 1940s. Discuss student responses to the guided questions on the Iron Curtain and Cold War America handout. Ask a volunteer to describe the tone of Churchill’s speech. Then, ask the following questions:
7. Compare historical American viewpoints to answer the question: How did the Soviet Union become the enemy of the United States? Review with students what they have learned so far about American perceptions of the Soviet Union during the 1920s, 1940s, and 1950s. Ask: How did the Soviet Union become the enemy of the United States? Formal AssessmentExplain to students they now need to test their ability to interpret and analyze historical sources by connecting these sources to their previous content knowledge. Display the Assessment primary source and have students analyze it by answering the questions on the From Ally to Enemy Assessment worksheet. Have students work independently to complete the assessment and collect their responses. Collect students’ From Ally to Enemy Assessment worksheets and check for accuracy in their responses using the From Ally to Enemy Assessment Answer Key. Extending the LearningAsk students to imagine they are advisers to President Truman at the end of World War II. As Truman’s National Security Council, have students imagine they have heard Winston Churchill speak about the dangers of the Soviet Union’s “Iron Curtain” as it spreads across Europe. Together, ask students to brainstorm potential measures the United States could take to stop the spread of the Iron Curtain. Potential responses include:
After brainstorming, divide students into groups and assign each group one potential policy. Ask each group to brainstorm potential pros and cons of each policy choice. After groups work together to weigh potential pros and cons, call the class back together to review the policy choices. After discussion, have students read George Kennan’s “Long Telegram.” This primary source document explains the American policy of containment toward the Soviet Union that became the formal policy of the United States under President Truman. After reading about and defining containment, ask students to compare containment with the policies they brainstormed together. Subjects & Disciplines
Learning ObjectivesStudents will:
Teaching Approach
Teaching Methods
Skills SummaryThis activity targets the following skills:
Connections to National Standards, Principles, and PracticesNational Council for Social Studies Curriculum Standards
ISTE Standards for Students (ISTE Standards*S)
What You’ll NeedMaterials You Provide
Required Technology
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Grouping
Other NotesContinuing the modification of Step 3, inform students that as they watch Song of Russia they need to examine the characters in the film and consider if this clip shows a change in the way Americans viewed the Soviet Union and communism. Play the film from time code 1:01 to time code 1:05. After watching the clip, lead a discussion, answering the following questions:
If you have already taught about the 1920s Red Scare and students already understand that Americans held negative attitudes toward the Soviet Union and communism, you may choose to begin the activity at Step 3. Differentiate the activity pacing based on students’ skill levels. If students have practiced analyzing sources often, you may wish to move more quickly to reach Churchill’s Iron Curtain speech. Background InformationAt the start of the 1920s, the first Red Scare swept across the United States. Communism became associated with foreigners and anti-American values. As a result, Americans grew increasingly hostile toward the Soviet Union during this time period. Yet at the start of World War II, Americans were forced to adjust their attitudes toward the Soviet Union as a result of the Soviet-American alliance against Hitler. Despite this temporary positive relationship, after World War II Americans became increasingly skeptical of what they saw as aggressive Soviet expansion across Europe and Asia. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill described the Soviet Union as an “Iron Curtain” descending across Europe. Despite being an American ally in World War II, the Soviet Union became the chief enemy of the United States in the second half of the twentieth century. Prior Knowledge
Recommended Prior Activities
Vocabularyalliance Noun people or groups united for a specific purpose. Noun type of economy where all property, including land, factories and companies, is held by the government. Iron Curtain Noun phrase used to describe the divide between free-market economies of the West and communist economies of the East during the Cold War. propaganda Noun information or ideas specifically intended to help or hurt the cause of an organization. Noun system of organization or government where all property, industry, and capital is owned by the community, not individuals. Soviet Union Noun (1922-1991) large northern Eurasian nation that had a communist government. Also called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or the USSR. Reference
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Tips & Modifications
How did the US and Soviet Union become enemies?We call it the Cold War, but in October 1962 the world seemed about to incinerate. The Soviet decision to install nuclear missiles in Cuba triggered a crisis with the United States that threatened a global holocaust.
What happened to the US and Soviet Union after ww2?By 1948, a new form of international tension had emerged--Cold War--between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies. In the next 20 years, the Cold War spawned many tensions between the two superpowers abroad and fears of Communist subversion gripped domestic politics at home.
Why did the US and Soviet Union hate each other?The United States government was initially hostile to the Soviet leaders for taking Russia out of World War I and was opposed to a state ideologically based on communism.
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