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Voiceless bilabial plosivepIPA Number101Audio sample

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EncodingEntity (decimal)`&

112;`Unicode (hex)U+0070X-SAMPA`p`Braille

The voiceless bilabial plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in most spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨p⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is p.

Features[edit]

Features of the voiceless bilabial plosive:

• Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
• Its place of articulation is bilabial, which means it is articulated with both lips.
• Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
• Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Varieties[edit]

IPA Descriptionpplain ppʰaspirated ppˠvelarized ppʲpalatalized ppʷlabialized pp̚p with no audible releasep̌voiced pp͈tense ppʼejective p

Occurrence[edit]

The stop /p/ is missing from about 10% of languages that have a /b/. (See voiced velar stop for another such gap.) This is an areal feature of the circum-Saharan zone (Africa north of the equator plus the Arabian peninsula). It is not known how old this areal feature is, and whether it might be a recent phenomenon due to Arabic as a prestige language (Arabic shifted /p/ to /f/ but the timing of this change is not known), or whether Arabic was itself affected by a more ancient areal pattern. It is found in other areas as well; for example, Fijian, Onge, and many Papuan languages have /b/ but no /p/.

Nonetheless, the /p/ sound is very common cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain /p/, and some distinguish more than one variety. Many Indo-Aryan languages, such as Hindustani, have a two-way contrast between the aspirated /pʰ/ and the plain /p/ (also transcribed as [p˭] in extensions to the IPA).

Examples[edit]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes Adygheпаӏо/paio[paːʔʷa]ⓘ'hat' Arabic Algerianپاپيش/pāpīš[paːpiːʃ]'beautiful girls' Hejaziبول/پول/pōl[po̞ːl]'Paul' Only used in loanwords, transcribed and pronounced as ⟨ب⟩ by many speakers. Egyptianكبش/kabš[kɛpʃ]'ram' Allophone of [b] before unvoiced consonants. Also used in loanwords. Armenian Easternպապիկ/papik[pɑpik]ⓘ'grandpa' Contrasts with aspirated form Assyrian ܦܬܐ pata [pata]'face' Basqueharrapatu [(h)arapatu]'to catch' Bengali পথ[pɔtʰ]'road' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology Catalanpor [ˈpɔ(ɾ)]'fear' See Catalan phonology Chuvash путене/putene [put̬ʲɛ'nɛ] 'quail' Czechpes [pɛs]'dog' See Czech phonology Danish Standardbog [ˈpɔ̽ʊ̯ˀ]'book' Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨b̥⟩ or ⟨b⟩. Contrasts with aspirated form, which is usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨pʰ⟩ or ⟨p⟩. See Danish phonology Dutchplicht [plɪxt]'duty' See Dutch phonology English pack[pʰæk]'pack' See English phonology Esperantotempo [ˈtempo]'time' See Esperanto phonology Filipinopato [paˈto]'duck' Finnishpappa [ˈpɑpːɑ]'grandpa' See Finnish phonology Frenchpomme [pɔm]'apple' See French phonology Gan Chinese Nanchangnese把戲 [pa˨˩ ɕi˩]'magic' Contrasts with aspirated form. See GermanPack [pʰak]'pile' See Standard German phonology Greekπόδι / pódi [ˈpo̞ði]'leg' See Modern Greek phonology Gujaratiપગ/pag[pəɡ]'foot' See Gujarati phonology Hakka Chinese Meizhounese河壩 / ho² ba⁴[ho˩ pa˥]'river' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hebrewפּקיד/pakid[pakid]'clerk' See Modern Hebrew phonology Hindustani Urdu پل/pal[pəl]'moment' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology Hindiपल / pal Hungarianpápa [ˈpaːpɒ]'pope' See Hungarian phonology Italianpapà [paˈpa]'dad' See Italian phonology Japaneseポスト / posuto [posɯto]'mailbox' See Japanese phonology Kabardianпэ/pė[pa]ⓘ'nose' Khmerពន្យល់ / pônyól [pɔnjɔl]'to explain' See Khmer phonology Korean빛 / bit [pit̚]'light' See Korean phonology Kurdish Northernpor [ˈpʰoːɾ]'hair' See Kurdish phonology Centralپیرۆزە/píroze[pʰiːɾoːzæ]'lammergeier' Southernپۊنگه/pûûnga[pʰʉːŋa]'pennyroyal' Lakota púza[ˈpʊza]'dry' Lithuanian pastatas [ˈpaːstɐtɐs] 'building' See Lithuanian phonology Luxembourgishbëlleg [ˈpələɕ]'cheap' Less often voiced [b]. It is usually transcribed /b/, and contrasts with voiceless aspirated form, which is usually transcribed /p/. See Luxembourgish phonology Macedonian пее/pee[pɛː]'sing' See Macedonian phonology Malay panas[pänäs]'hot' Often unreleased in syllable codas so /p/ is read as [p̚] instead in lembap [ləmbap̚] 'damp'. See Malay phonology Malteseaptit [apˈtit]'appetite' Mandarin Dunganбонцу [pɑŋ˨˦ t͡sʰou˨˦]'to assist' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Dungan phonology Nanjingnese半大子 [pɑŋ˦ tɑ˦ tsz̩]'teenager' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Sichuanese不算事 / bu² suan⁴ si⁴[pu˨˩ suan˨˩˧ sz̩˨˩˧]'ineffective' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Standard爆炸 / bàozhà[pɑʊ˥˩ tʂa˥˩]ⓘ'to explode' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Standard Chinese phonology Xi'annese迸 [pəŋ˦]'mattock' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Marathiपाऊस/paa'uus/pā'ūs[pɑːˈuːs]'rain' See Marathi phonology Min Chinese Hokkien咖啡 / ko-pi[ko˨ pi˦]'coffee' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hokkien phonology Teochew僻 / piah4[pʰiaʔ˨]'remote' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Fuzhounese白撞 / băh-dâung[paʔ˨˩ lɑuŋ˨˦˨]'trespasser' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Mutsunpo·čor [poːt͡ʃor]'a sore' Nepaliपिता/pitā[pit̪ä]'father' See Nepali phonology Norwegianpappa [pɑpːɑ]'dad' See Norwegian phonology Odiaପଥର/pathara[pɔʈʰɔrɔ]'stone' Contrasts with aspirated form. Pashtoپانير/pa'nir[pɑˈnir]'cheese' Persian پول/pul[pul]'money' Pirahãpibaóí [ˈpìbàóí̯]'otter' Polishpas [päs]ⓘ'belt' See Polish phonology Portuguesepai [paj]'father' See Portuguese phonology Punjabi ਪੱਤਾ/pattaa/pattā[pət̪ːäː]'leaf' Romanianpas [pas]'step' See Romanian phonology Russianплод/plod[pɫot̪]'fruit' Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology Serbo-Croatianпиће / piće [pǐːt͡ɕě]'drink' See Serbo-Croatian phonology Slovakpes [pɛ̝s]'dog' Slovenepes [pə̂s̪]'dog'slep mož [ˈs̪lêːpⁿ ˈmôːʃ]'blind man' Nasal release before /m/. Spanishpeso [ˈpe̞so̞]'weight' See Spanish phonology Swahili pombe[ˈpoᵐbɛ]'beer' Swedishapa [ˈɑːˌpa]'monkey' See Swedish phonology Teluguపని [pani]'work' Contrasts with aspirated form in old Telugu. However aspirated form is almost always pronounced as voiceless labiodental fricative in modern Telugu. Thaiแป้ง/paeng[pɛ̂ːŋ] 'powder' See Tsez пу/pu[pʰu]'side' Contrasts with ejective form. Turkishkap [ˈkʰɑp]'pot' See Turkish phonology Ukrainianпавук/pavuk[pɐˈβ̞uk]'spider' See Ukrainian phonology Vietnamesenhíp [ɲip˧ˀ˥]'tweezers' See Vietnamese phonology Welsh siop [ʃɔp] 'shop' See Welsh phonology West Frisianpanne [ˈpɔnə]'pan' Wu Chinese Shanghainese司必靈 / sy-piq-lin[sz̩˧ pi̯ɪʔ˦ lin˨]'spring' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Suzhounese標緻 / piau¹-tsyu⁵[pi̯æ˥ tsz̩ʷ˨˩]'pretty' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Wenzhounese眼淚八汁 / nga⁴-lei⁶-po⁷-tsai⁷[ŋa lei̯ po˥˧ tsai̯˩˨]'tear' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Yiꀠ / ba [pa˧]'exchange' Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. Yue Chinese Cantonese豬頭丙 / zyu¹ tau⁴ bing²[t͡ʃyː˥ tʰɐu̯˨˩ pɪŋ˧˥]'blockhead' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Cantonese phonology Taishanese白 [pak̚˧˩]'white' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Central Alaskan Yup'ikpanik [panik]'daughter' Zapotec Tilquiapan pan[paŋ]'bread'

See also[edit]

• List of phonetics topics

Notes[edit]

1. :17)
2. :53)
3. :61)
4. :45)
5. :73)
6. :117)
7. , p. 117.
8. ^ :67–68)
9. :103)
10. :91)
11. :42)
12. , p. 66.
13. :255)
14. , p. 4.
15. :458–461)
16. :108)

References[edit]

• Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
• Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
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• Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
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• Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
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• Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
• Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
• Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
• Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
• Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 21 (1): 39–87, doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505, S2CID 13470826
• Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
• Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
• Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7

External links[edit]

• List of languages with [p] on PHOIBLE