Using complete sentences identify some of the major results of the crusades

1040 – 1055 Turks migrate from central Asia to southwest Asia, conquer Persia, and invade Armenia and Iraq, finally capturing Baghdad, the Abbasid capital city 1067 – 1070 Turks invade Byzantine territory in Asia Minor (today’s Turkey); Turkic forces take Jerusalem from the Fatimid dynasty of North Africa 1071 Turkic forces defeat Byzantine forces at the Battle of Manzikert and found the Sultanate of Rum in Asia Minor 1054 Schism (split) of the Christian Church into the Roman Catholic centered in the Papacy in Rome, and Greek Orthodox centered in the Byzantine capital of Constantinople 1061 – 1091 Christian forces under the Normans invade and defeat Muslim ruled Sicily, but retain Muslim cultural influence under Norman rule. 1085 Antioch in northern Syria conquered by Turks; in Spain, the Muslim city of Toledo is captured by Christian forces under Alfonso VI 1096 Start of the First Crusade March 1095 Byzantine Empire requests Pope Urban II's help against Turkic warrior tribes who have migrated into Asia Minor November 27, 1095 Pope Urban II preaches the First Crusade 1096 Fatimids retake Jerusalem from Seljuk Turks Spring, Summer 1096 Crusaders massacre Jews in Europe Spring 1096 People's Crusade leaves for Holy Land but most end the march near Hungary by August 1096 August 15, 1096 Official beginning of First Crusade set by Pope Urban II October 6, 1096 Crusader armies under Peter and Walter destroyed at Nicaea by Kilij Arslan Fall 1096 Crusaders of official First Crusade reach Constantinople; Alexius I Comnenus accepts their oaths of loyalty and pledges to return lands under Byzantine control April 1097 Crusaders cross the Bosporus into Asia Early June 1097 Crusaders arrive at Nicaea while Kilij Arslan is away fighting his opponent Danishmend June 19, 1097 Nicaea surrenders to Byzantine forces June 26–28, 1097 Crusaders invade Asia Minor July 1, 1097 Turks under Kilij Arslan fail to defeat Crusaders at Dorlyaeum October 21, 1097 Crusaders reach Antioch, ruled by Turkic leader Yaghi-Suyan Early February 1098 Muslim relief force under the Turkish leadership moves toward Antioch February 6, 1098 Baldwin reaches Edessa (al-Ruha in Arabic) March 9, 1098 Edessa's ruler is killed in a riot March 10, 1098 Edessa established as the first Latin settlement in the East under Crusade leader Baldwin after its Turkic leader flees June 5, 1098 Muslim army relief force arrives and besieges Crusaders in Antioch Mid-November 1098 Armies of Raymond of St. Gilles and Robert of Flanders arrive at Ma'arat en Nu'man, spurred on by ordinary soldiers December 11-2, 1098 Ma'arat en Nu'man falls to the Crusaders January/March 1099 Crusader armies force their leader Raymond to continue to Jerusalem February/May 1099 Crusaders besiege 'Arqah but abandon siege and go on to Jerusalem June 6, 1099 Crusader leader Tancred seizes Bethlehem June 7, 1099 Main body of Crusaders arrives at Jerusalem July 15, 1099 Crusaders seize and sack the city of Jerusalem and massacre Muslims, Eastern Christians, and Jews; Godfrey elected ruler of the city July 19–22, 1099 Pope Urban II dies, never hearing news of capture of Jerusalem August 11–12, 1099 Crusaders defeat Egyptian army at Ashdod 1099 Al-Harawi of Damascus leads group of refugees to Baghdad to plead for help (see poem) 1100 Baldwin chosen first Crusader king of Jerusalem Summer 1100 Turkic leader Danishmend captures Crusader leader Bohemund November 15, 1100 Pope Paschal II preaches new crusade, threatening excommunication for failure to fulfill their vows 1101 New wave of Crusaders defeated in Asia Minor 1104 Crusader leader Baldwin takes port city of Acre 1104 Muslims defeat Franks at Harran, preventing them from moving further east into Muslim territory 1109 Tripoli falls to the Crusader armies after a brutal siege of 2000 days 1110 Crusaders seize cities of Beirut and Saida 1111 Aleppo's chief judge Ibn al-Khashab organizes riot in Baghdad to force the government to send military help against the Franks 1112 Muslim forces keep Franks from seizing Tyre 1113 Hospitallers, knightly Order of St. John is founded as Crusader force Spring 1115 Alliance of Muslims and Franks in Syria fight Seljuk Sultan Muhammad ibn Malikshah 1119 Ilghazi of Aleppo defeats Franks at Sarmada 1120 Order of the Knights Templar is founded as Crusader force July 1124 Franks seize Tyre, giving them entire coastline up to Ascalon 1125 Beirut peasants revolt 1127 Zangi becomes the ruler of Mosul and leader of resistance to the Franks 1128 Franks fail to seize Damascus 1128 Zangi takes the city of Aleppo 1135 Zangi fails to take Damascus 1137 Zangi captures King Fulk of Jerusalem but releases him 1139 Zangi unsuccessfully besieges Damascus 1144 Zangi seizes Edessa, defeating the first crusader state 1146 Zangi dies, and his son Nur al-Din inherits Aleppo 1147-1149 The Second Crusade begins, which includes Crusades in parts of Muslim-ruled Spain, Eastern Germany and the East (Outremer in French) 1147 Spanish Crusaders take Lisbon from Muslim rule 1148 Crusader armies under Conrad of Germany and Louis VII of France besiege Damascus, but are turned back by Nur al-Din's forces 1154 Nur al-Din takes Damascus, unifying Muslim territories in Syria 1163 – 1169 Nur al-Din's general Shirkuh fights to deliver Egypt to Nur al-Din 1169 Shirkuh rules Egypt as vizier, but soon dies; Saladin, his nephew, becomes ruler of Egypt 1170 Nur al-Din's brother dies, giving him control of Mosul 1171 Saladin ends Fatimid rule in Egypt and establishes Ayyubid dynasty; Competition between Nur al-Din and Saladin ensues 1174 Nur al-Din dies; Saladin seizes control of Damascus 1183 – 1185 Saladin takes control of Aleppo, uniting Egypt and Syria under his rule, then takes control of Mosul 1185 Saladin officially controls Egypt and Damascus, Aleppo and Mosul July 4, 1187 Saladin defeats Frankish Crusaders at the Battle of Hattin October 2, 1187 Saladin retakes Jerusalem and lands under Frankish control; Franks retain only cities of Tyre, Tripoli, and Antioch 1189 – 1192 Third Crusade brings famous Crusader leaders Richard I of England, Philip II of France, and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I June 1190 Frederick I dies en route to the Holy Land Summer 1191 Kings Richard and Philip take the city of Acre and name Jerusalem's ruler; Philip leaves for home, while Richard takes Arsuf and Jaffa and fortifies Ascalon September 2, 1192 Richard and Saladin end their fighting with a treaty, and Richard leaves for home in England 1193 Saladin dies, and after his succession is contested, Saladin's brother al-Adil rules. Spring 1197 Frederick I's son Henry VI departs to join the Crusade, but dies in the same year. July 1, 1198 Henry VI's supporters negotiate a treaty with Muslim rulers and return home 1198 Crusader Order of Teutonic Knights is founded with Acre as its base. 1202 – 1204 Fourth Crusade begins July 17, 1203 Crusaders invade and sack Byzantine capital of Constantinople, naming Alexius IV as ruler April 12, 1204 Crusaders take Constantinople and make Byzantine lands into a Latin Empire 1209-1229 Albigensian Crusade turns against heretics at home in southern France 1212 Children's Crusade begins and ends in tragedy 1213 – 1216 Pope Innocent III begins planning the Fifth Crusade; he dies, and Pope Honorius III continues his plan 1217 – 1221 Fifth Crusade begins; Invasion of Egypt under the rule of al-Malik al-Kamil is led by Cardinal Pelagius; Crusaders besiege Damietta and try to Crusaders try take Cairo; Al-Kamil's forces and rising Nile isolates and defeats Crusader army; Al-Kamil provides bread and supplies to save Crusader army from starvation 1219 Sultan al-Kamil receives Francis of Assisi at his court for interreligious discussion and allows Francis to preach; Francis's stay at court influences his views of Islam and faith practice 1228 – 1229 Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II crusades in Egypt without papal support; al-Kamil negotiates treaty with Frederick II over control of Jerusalem. 1235 Byzantines retake Asia Minor 1236 – 1238 In Spain, Ferdinand III of Castile attacks the city of Cordova, the Christian army of Aragon takes the city of Valencia from Muslim rule 1244 Franks lose Jerusalem for the final time 1245 Pope Innocent IV sends missionaries to Mongols to attempt alliance against Muslims in Asia and Near East 1247 Louis IX plans a Crusade, but contact with Frederick divulges his plans to al-Kamil's son, Ayyub 1248 – 1254 Sixth Crusade 1248-1250 Louis IX of France invades Egypt; he seizes Damietta, but is defeated and captured at the city of Mansurah; released for ransom and return of Damietta 1248 – 1250 Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt ends, Mamluk rule begins February 1258 Mongols under Genghis Khan's grandson Hülegü invade and destroy Baghdad, massacre inhabitants and kill the last 'Abbasid caliph January 1260 Mongols under Hülegü take Aleppo and Damascus; Mongol ruler dies and Hulegu returns to Asia, relieving invasion threat to Europe September 3, 1260 Mamluk armies defeat Mongols at the Battle of 'Ayn Jalut (Goliath Spring), and take city of Damascus; Baybars becomes ruler of Egypt July 25, 1261 Byzantines recapture Constantinople, ending the Latin Empire in the East May 18, 1268 Baybars seizes Antioch and Jaffa 1270 Seventh Crusade begins with Louis IX forces attacking Tunis; death of Louis IX April 26 or 27, 1289 Mamluk sultans Qalawun and son Khalil retake Tripoli and Acre from Franks 1291 Effective end of the Great Crusades; remaining Crusaders retreat to the island of Cyprus