Good old water, aka H2O. The most common skincare ingredient of all. You can usually find it right in the very first spot of the ingredient list, meaning it’s the biggest thing out of all the stuff that makes up the product.
It’s mainly a solvent for ingredients that do not like to dissolve in oils but rather in water.
Once inside the skin, it hydrates, but not from the outside - putting pure water on the skin [hello long baths!] is drying.
One more thing: the water used in cosmetics is purified and deionized [it means that almost all of the mineral ions inside it is removed]. Like this, the products can stay more stable over time.
Also-called: Octinoxate, Octyl Methoxycinnamate | What-it-does: sunscreen | Irritancy: 0 | Comedogenicity: 0
A clear, oil-soluble, "cosmetically-elegant" liquid that is the most commonly used chemical sunscreen. It absorbs UVB radiation [at wavelengths: 280-320 nm] with a peak protection at 310nm.
It only protects against UVB and not UVA rays [the 320-400 nm range] – so always choose products that contain other sunscreens too. It is not very stable either, when exposed to sunlight, it kind of breaks down and loses its effectiveness [not instantly, but over time - it loses 10% of its SPF protection ability within 35 mins]. To make it more stable it can be - and should be - combined with other sunscreen agents to give stable and broad-spectrum protection [the new generation sunscreen agent, Tinosorb S is a particularly good one for that].
Regarding safety, there are also some concerns around Octinoxate. In vitro [made in the lab not on real people] and animal studies have shown that it may produce hormonal [estrogen-like] effects. Do not panic, the studies were not conducted under real life conditions on real human people, so it is probably over-cautious to avoid Octinoxate altogether. However, if you are pregnant or a small child [under 2 yrs. old], choose a physical [zinc oxide/titanium dioxide] or new-generation Tinosorb based sunscreen, just to be on the super-safe side. :]
Overall, Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate is an old-school chemical sunscreen agent. There are plenty of better options for sun protection today, but it is considered "safe as used" [and sunscreens are pretty well regulated] and it is available worldwide [can be used up to 10% in the EU and up to 7.5% in the US].
- A natural moisturizer that’s also in our skin
- A super common, safe, effective and cheap molecule used for more than 50 years
- Not only a simple moisturizer but knows much more: keeps the skin lipids between our skin cells in a healthy [liquid crystal] state, protects against irritation, helps to restore barrier
- Effective from as low as 3% with even more benefits for dry skin at higher concentrations up to 20-40%
- High-glycerin moisturizers are awesome for treating severely dry skin
Also-called: Octyl Salicylate, Octisalate | What-it-does: sunscreen | Irritancy: 0 | Comedogenicity: 0
A colorless to light yellowish oily liquid that works as a UVB [280-320nm] sunscreen filter with a peak absorbance at 306 nm. It's not a strong filter in itself, it's always used in combination with other sunscreen agents to further enhance the SPF and to solubilize other solid UV filters.
It has a good safety profile and is allowed to be used at a max concentration of 5% both in the US and in Europe [10% is allowed in Japan].
Also-called: Paraffinum Liquidum | What-it-does: emollient, solvent | Irritancy: 0 | Comedogenicity: 0-2
The famous or maybe rather infamous mineral oil. The clear oily liquid that is the "cheap by-product" of refining crude oil and the one that gets a lot of heat for its poor provenance. It is a very controversial ingredient with pros and cons and plenty of myths around it. So let us see them:
The pros of mineral oil Trust us, if something is used for more than 100 years in cosmetic products, it has advantages. Chemically speaking, cosmetic grade mineral oil is a complex mixture of highly refined saturated hydrocarbons with C15-50 chain length. It is not merely a "by-product" but rather a specifically isolated part of petroleum that is very pure and inert.
It is a great emollient and moisturizer working mainly by occlusivity. Occlusivity is one of the basic mechanisms of how moisturizers work and it means that mineral oil sits on top of the skin and hinders so-called trans-epidermal water loss, i.e water evaporating out of your skin. When compared to heavy-duty plant oil, extra virgin coconut oil, the two of them were equally efficient and safe as moisturizers in treating xerosis, a skin condition connected to very dry skin.
The other thing that mineral oil is really good at is being non-irritating to the skin. The chemical composition of plant oils is more complex with many more possible allergens or irritating components, while mineral oil is simple, pure and sensitivity to it is extremely rare. If you check out the classic French pharmacy brands and their moisturizers for the most sensitive, allergy prone skin, they usually contain mineral oil. This is no coincidence.
The cons of mineral oil The pros of mineral oil can be interpreted as cons if we look at them from another perspective. Not penetrating the skin but mostly just sitting on top of it and not containing biologically active components, like nice fatty acids and vitamins mean that mineral oil does not "nourish" the skin in the way plant oils do. Mineral oil does not give the skin any extra goodness, it is simply a non-irritating moisturizer working mainly by occlusivity.
The myths around mineral oil Badmouthing mineral oil is a favorite sport of many, it is a cheap material and being connected to petrolatum makes it fairly easy to demonize.
While it is true that industrial grade mineral oil contains carcinogenic components [so-called polycyclic compounds], these are completely removed from cosmetic and food grade mineral oil and there is no scientific data showing that the pure, cosmetic grade version is carcinogenic.
What is more, in terms of the general health effects of mineral oils used in cosmetics, a 2017 study reviewed the data on their skin penetration and concluded that "the cosmetic use of mineral oils and waxes does not present a risk to consumers due to a lack of systemic exposure."
Another super common myth surrounding mineral oil is that it is comedogenic. A 2005 study titled "Is mineral oil comedogenic?" examined this very question and guess what happened? The study concluded that "based on the animal and human data reported, along with the AAD recommendation, it would appear reasonable to conclude that mineral oil is noncomedogenic in humans."
Overall, we feel that the scaremongering around mineral oil is not justified. For dry and super-sensitive skin types it is a great option. However, if you do not like its origin or its heavy feeling or anything else about it, avoiding it has never been easier. Mineral oil has such a bad reputation nowadays that cosmetic companies hardly dare to use it anymore.
Titanium Dioxide is one of the two members of the elite sunscreen group called physical sunscreens [or inorganic sunscreens if you’re a science geek and want to be precise].
Traditionally, UV-filters are categorized as either chemical or physical. The big difference is supposed to be that chemical agents absorb UV-light while physical agents reflect it like a bunch of mini umbrellas on top of the skin. While this categorization is easy and logical it turns out it's not true. A recent, 2016 study shows that inorganic sunscreens work mostly by absorption, just like chemical filters, and only a little bit by reflection [they do reflect the light in the visible spectrum, but mostly absorb in the UV spectrum].
Anyway, it doesn't matter if it reflects or absorbs, Titanium Dioxide is a pretty awesome sunscreen agent for two main reasons: it gives a nice broad spectrum coverage and it's highly stable. Its protection is very good between 290 - 350 nm [UVB and UVA II range], and less good at 350-400 nm [UVA I] range. Regular sized Titanium Dioxide also has a great safety profile, it's non-irritating and is pretty much free from any health concerns [like estrogenic effect worries with some chemical filters].
The disadvantage of Titanium Dioxide is that it's not cosmetically elegant, meaning it's a white, "unspreadable" mess. Sunscreens containing Titanium Dioxide are often hard to spread on the skin and they leave a disturbing whitish tint. The cosmetic industry is, of course, really trying to solve this problem and the best solution so far is using nanoparticles. The itsy-bitsy Nano-sized particles improve both spreadability and reduce the whitish tint a lot, but unfortunately, it also introduces new health concerns.
The main concern with nanoparticles is that they are so tiny that they are absorbed into the skin more than we want them [ideally sunscreen should remain on the surface of the skin]. Once absorbed they might form unwanted complexes with proteins and they might promote the formation of evil free radicals. But do not panic, these are concerns under investigation. A 2009 review article about the safety of nanoparticles summarizes this, "to date, in-vivo and in-vitro studies have not demonstrated percutaneous penetration of nanosized particles in titanium dioxide and zinc oxide sunscreens". The English translation is, so far it looks like sunscreens with nanoparticles do stay on the surface of the skin where they should be.
All in all, Titanium Dioxide is a famous sunscreen agent and for good reason, it gives broad spectrum UV protection [best at UVB and UVA II], it's highly stable, and it has a good safety profile. It's definitely one of the best UV-filter agents we have today, especially in the US where new-generation Tinosorb filters are not [yet] approved.
Also-called: Amiloxate, Neo Heliopan E1000 | What-it-does: sunscreen
An oil-soluble, chemical sunscreen agent that protects in the UVB [290-320 nm] range with a peak absorbance at 310 nm and with some additional protection in the UVA II [320-340nm] range. It is a newer generation UV filter that is approved up to 10% in the EU, but not [yet] available in the US due to impossible FDA regulations.
Also-called: Uvinul A Plus, DHHB | What-it-does: sunscreen
Diethylamino Hydroxybenzoyl Hexyl Benzoate is a new generation, chemical sunscreen agent [not available in the US due to impossible FDA regulations] that's designed for high UVA protection and high photostability. It gives sun protection in the whole UVA range [320-400 nm] with peak protection at 354nm. It can be used up to 10% worldwide except for the US and Canada.
A so-called fatty [the good, non-drying kind of] alcohol that does all kinds of things in a skincare product: it makes your skin feel smooth and nice [emollient], helps to thicken up products and also helps water and oil to blend [emulsifier]. Can be derived from coconut or palm kernel oil.
What-it-does: sunscreen | Irritancy: 0 | Comedogenicity: 1
When it comes to sunscreen agents, Zinc Oxide is pretty much in a league of its own. It's a physical [or inorganic] sunscreen that has a lot in common with fellow inorganic sunscreen Titanium Dioxide [TiO2] but a couple of things make it superior even to TiO2.
If physical sunscreens don't tell you anything, go ahead and read about the basics here. Most of what we wrote about Titanium Dioxide is also true for Zinc Oxide so we will focus here on the differences.
The first main difference is that while TiO2 gives a nice broad spectrum protection, Zinc Oxide has an even nicer and even broader spectrum protection. It protects against UVB, UVA II, and UVA I almost uniformly, and is considered to be the broadest range sunscreen available today.
It's also highly stable and non-irritating. So much so that Zinc Oxide also counts as a skin protectant and anti-irritant. It's also often used to treat skin irritations such as diaper rash.
As for the disadvantages, Zinc Oxide is also not cosmetically elegant. It leaves a disturbing whitish tint on the skin, although, according to a 2000 research paper by Dr. Pinnell, it's slightly less white than TiO2. Still, it's white and disturbing enough to use Zinc Oxide nanoparticles more and more often.
We wrote more about nanoparticles and the concerns around them here, but the gist is that if nanoparticles were absorbed into the skin that would be a reason for legitimate health concerns. But luckily, so far research shows that sunscreen nanoparticles are not absorbed but remain on the surface of the skin or in the uppermost [dead] layer of the skin. This seems to be true even if the skin is damaged, for example, sunburnt.
All in all, if you've found a Zinc Oxide sunscreen that you are happy to use every single day, that's fantastic and we suggest you stick with it. It's definitely one of the best, or probably even the best option out there for sun protection available worldwide.
A common multi-tasker fatty acid. It makes your skin feel nice and smooth [emollient], gives body to cream type products and helps to stabilize water and oil mixes [aka emulsions].
A super common, waxy, white, solid stuff that helps water and oil to mix together, gives body to creams and leaves the skin feeling soft and smooth.
Chemically speaking, it is the attachment of a glycerin molecule to the fatty acid called stearic acid. It can be produced from most vegetable oils [in oils three fatty acid molecules are attached to glycerin instead of just one like here] in a pretty simple, "green" process that is similar to soap making. It's readily biodegradable.
It also occurs naturally in our body and is used as a food additive. As cosmetic chemist Colins writes it, "its safety really is beyond any doubt".
A common little helper ingredient that helps water and oil to mix together, aka emulsifier.
Also-called: Uvinul T 150, Octyltriazone | What-it-does: sunscreen
Ethylhexyl Triazone is a new generation, chemical sunscreen [not available in the US due to impossible FDA regulations] that gives the highest photo-stable absorption of all available UVB filters today. It protects in the UVB range [280-320nm] with a peak protection of 314nm. It is an oil soluble, odorless, colorless powder that works well in fragrance-free formulas. It can be used up to 5% worldwide except for the US and Canada.
It's the yellow, solid stuff that you probably know from beeswax candles. It's a natural material produced by honey bees to build their honeycomb.
As for skincare, it's used as an emollient and thickening agent. It's super common in lip balms and lipsticks.
What-it-does: emollient | Irritancy: 0 | Comedogenicity: 1
Probably the most common silicone of all. It is a polymer [created from repeating subunits] molecule and has different molecular weight and thus different viscosity versions from water-light to thick liquid.
As for skincare, it makes the skin silky smooth, creates a subtle gloss and forms a protective barrier [aka occlusive]. Also, works well to fill in fine lines and wrinkles and give skin a plump look [of course that is only temporary, but still, it's nice]. There are also scar treatment gels out there using dimethicone as their base ingredient. It helps to soften scars and increase their elasticity.
As for hair care, it is a non-volatile silicone meaning that it stays on the hair rather than evaporates from it and smoothes the hair like no other thing. Depending on your hair type, it can be a bit difficult to wash out and might cause some build-up [btw, this is not true to all silicones, only the non-volatile types].
A very common water-loving surfactant and emulsifier that helps to keep water and oil mixed nicely together.
It's often paired with glyceryl stearate - the two together form a super effective emulsifier duo that's salt and acid tolerant and works over a wide pH range. It also gives a "pleasing product aesthetics", so no wonder it's popular.
Butylene glycol, or let’s just call it BG, is a multi-tasking colorless, syrupy liquid. It’s a great pick for creating a nice feeling product.
BG’s main job is usually to be a solvent for the other ingredients. Other tasks include helping the product to absorb faster and deeper into the skin [penetration enhancer], making the product spread nicely over the skin [slip agent], and attracting water [humectant] into the skin.
It’s an ingredient whose safety hasn’t been questioned so far by anyone [at least not that we know about]. BG is approved by Ecocert and is also used enthusiastically in natural products. BTW, it’s also a food additive.
The chemically chopped up version of the big protein molecule, collagen. It is often derived from fish or bovine sources and works as a nice moisturizer and humectant that helps the skin to hold onto water.
To understand a bit more what Hydrolyzed Collagen is, you have to know that proteins are large chains of amino acids connected with so-called peptide bonds. These bonds can be broken up when a water molecule is added and the resulting thing is a mix of shorter length amino acids, also called peptides. So Hydrolyzed Collagen is not really collagen, it is rather an undefined and varying mix of largish peptides. Based on a manufacturer's data, the whole, soluble collagen has an average molecular weight of 300 000 Da, while this chopped up mixture has an average MW of 12 000 Da [still pretty big].
The main thing of these largish peptides is to act as water-binding agents, and to make the skin nice and smooth [aka emollient]. Hydrolyzed Collagen is also often used in cleansers as it can make harsh surfactants milder and in hair conditioners as it improves the flexibility and manageability of hair.
If you wanna know more about collagen in cosmetics, we have a shiny explanation about soluble collagen here >>
- Green tea is one of the most researched natural ingredients
- The active parts are called polyphenols, or more precisely catechins [EGCG being the most abundant and most active catechin]
- There can be huge quality differences between green tea extracts. The good ones contain 50-90% catechins [and often make the product brown and give it a distinctive smell]
- Green tea is proven to be a great antioxidant, UV protectant, anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic and antimicrobial
- Because of these awesome properties green tea is a great choice for anti-aging and also for skin diseases including rosacea, acne and atopic dermatitis
We don't have description for this ingredient yet.
It’s pretty much the current IT-preservative. It’s safe and gentle, but even more importantly, it’s not a feared-by-everyone-mostly-without-scientific-reason paraben.
It’s not something new: it was introduced around 1950 and today it can be used up to 1% worldwide. It can be found in nature - in green tea - but the version used in cosmetics is synthetic.
Other than having a good safety profile and being quite gentle to the skin it has some other advantages too. It can be used in many types of formulations as it has great thermal stability [can be heated up to 85°C] and works on a wide range of pH levels [ph 3-10].
It’s often used together with ethylhexylglycerin as it nicely improves the preservative activity of phenoxyethanol.
A big molecule created from repeated subunits [a polymer of acrylic acid] that magically converts a liquid into a nice gel formula. It usually has to be neutralized with a base [such as sodium hydroxide] for the thickening to occur and it creates viscous, clear gels that also feel nice and non-tacky on the skin. No wonder, it is a very popular and common ingredient. Typically used at 1% or less in most formulations.
What-it-does: buffering | Irritancy: 0 | Comedogenicity: 2
It’s a little helper ingredient that helps to set the pH of a cosmetic formulation to be just right. It’s very alkaline [you know the opposite of being very acidic]: a 1% solution has a pH of around 10.
It does not have the very best safety reputation but in general, you do not have to worry about it.
What is true is that if a product contains so-called N-nitrogenating agents [e.g.: preservatives like 2-Bromo-2-Nitropropane-1,3-Diol, 5-Bromo-5-Nitro- 1,3-Dioxane or sodium nitrate - so look out for things with nitro, nitra in the name] that together with TEA can form some not nice carcinogenic stuff [that is called nitrosamines]. But with proper formulation that does not happen, TEA in itself is not a bad guy.
But let’s assume a bad combination of ingredients were used and the nitrosamines formed. :[ Even in that case you are probably fine because as far as we know it cannot penetrate the skin.
But to be on the safe side, if you see Triethanolamine in an INCI and also something with nitra, nitro in the name of it just skip the product, that cannot hurt.
Super common little helper ingredient that helps products to remain nice and stable for a longer time. It does so by neutralizing the metal ions in the formula [that usually get into there from water] that would otherwise cause some not so nice changes.
It is typically used in tiny amounts, around 0.1% or less.
Also-called: Tartrazine, Yellow 5 | What-it-does: colorant
Ci 19140 or Tartrazine is a super common colorant in skincare, makeup, medicine & food. It’s a synthetic lemon yellow that's used alone or mixed with other colors for special shades.
FDA says it's possible, but rare, to have an allergic-type reaction to a color additive. As an example, it mentions that Ci 19140 may cause itching and hives in some people but the colorant is always labeled so that you can avoid it if you are sensitive.
Also-called: Yellow 6 | What-it-does: colorant
We don't have description for this ingredient yet.
Also-called: Fragrance, Parfum;Parfum/Fragrance | What-it-does: perfuming
Exactly what it sounds: nice smelling stuff put into cosmetic products so that the end product also smells nice. Fragrance in the US and parfum in the EU is a generic term on the ingredient list that is made up of 30 to 50 chemicals on average [but it can have as much as 200 components!].
If you are someone who likes to know what you put on your face then fragrance is not your best friend - there's no way to know what’s really in it.
Also, if your skin is sensitive, fragrance is again not your best friend. It’s the number one cause of contact allergy to cosmetics. It’s definitely a smart thing to avoid with sensitive skin [and fragrance of any type - natural is just as allergic as synthetic, if not worse!].
You may also want to take a look at...
Normal [well kind of - it's purified and deionized] water. Usually the main solvent in cosmetic products.
Octinoxate - an old-school chemical sunscreen that absorbs UVB radiation [wavelengths: 280-320 nm]. Not photostable and does not protect against UVA.
A real oldie but a goodie. Great natural moisturizer and skin-identical ingredient that plays an important role in skin hydration and general skin health.
A colorless to light yellowish oily liquid that works as a UVB [280-320nm] sunscreen filter with a peak absorbance at 306 nm. It's not a strong filter in itself, it's always used in combination with other sunscreen agents.
A clear, oily liquid that comes from refining crude oil. Even though it is a highly controversial ingredient, the scientific consensus is that it is a safe, non-irritating and effective emollient and moisturizer working mainly by occlusivity.
A physical/inorganic sunscreen with pretty broad spectrum [UVB and UVA II, less good at UVA I] protection and good stability. Might leave some whitish tint on the skin, though.
An oil-soluble, chemical sunscreen agent that protects in the UVB [290-320 nm] range with a peak absorbance at 310 nm and with some additional protection in the UVA II [320-340nm] range.
Uvinul A Plus - A new generation, chemical sunscreen agent [not available in the US due to impossible FDA regulations] that's designed for high UVA protection and high photostability.
A fatty [the good, non-drying kind of] alcohol that makes your skin feel smooth and nice [emollient], helps to thicken up products and also helps water and oil to blend [emulsifier].
A physical/inorganic sunscreen with the broadest spectrum [UVB and UVA II, less good at UVA I] protection available today. It also has good stability and also works as a skin protectant, anti-irritant. Might leave some whitish tint on the skin, though.
A common multi-tasker fatty acid that works as an emollient, thickener and emulsion stabilizer.
Waxy, white, solid stuff that helps water and oil to mix together and leaves the skin feeling soft and smooth.
A common little helper ingredient that helps water and oil to mix together, aka emulsifier.
Uvinul T 150 - A new generation, chemical sunscreen [not available in the US due to impossible FDA regulations] that gives the highest photo-stable absorption of all available UVB filters today.
The yellow solid stuff produced by honey bees to build their honeycomb. As for skincare, it's used as an emollient and thickening agent.
A very common silicone that gives both skin and hair a silky smooth feel. It also forms a protective barrier on the skin and fills in fine lines. Also used for scar treatment.
A commonly used water-soluble surfactant and emulsifier.
An often used glycol that works as a solvent, humectant, penetration enhancer and also gives a good slip to the products.
The chemically chopped up version of the big protein molecule, collagen. It is often derived from fish or bovine sources and works as a nice moisturizer and humectant that helps the skin to hold onto water. To understand a bit more what Hydrolyzed Collagen is, you have to know that proteins are large chains of amino acids connected with so-called peptide bonds.
Pretty much the current IT-preservative. It’s safe and gentle, and can be used up to 1% worldwide.
A handy white powder that magically converts a liquid into a nice gel formula.
Helps to set the pH of a cosmetic formulation to be right. It’s very alkaline.
Super common little helper ingredient that helps products to remain nice and stable for a longer time. It does so by neutralizing the metal ions in the formula [that usually get into there from water] that would otherwise cause some not so nice changes.
A super common colorant with the color yellow.
The generic term for nice smelling stuff put into cosmetic products so that the end product also smells nice. It is made up of 30 to 50 chemicals on average.
What are the benefits of collagen sunscreen?
A collagen-infused sunscreen with 50+ SPF protection will ensure your skin is well protected from harmful UVA and UVB rays. It is lightweight, easy to spread and it contains hydrated collagen which is beneficial for the skin to the skin as it ensures the skin stays moist and smooth.
What are the ingredients in topface sunscreen?
water, etheylhexylmethoxycinnamate, titanium dioxide, butylene glycol, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, dicaprylylcarbonate, beeswax, cetearyl alcohol, polyglyceryl-3 methylglucose distearate, stearyl alcohol, caprylic/capric triglyceride, glyceryl stearate, dimethicone, tocopheryl acetate, hydrolyzed collagen, xanthan gum ...