Which of the following is likely one of the key reasons for the increase in Gray divorce Quizlet

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1. When social structures allow women more economic independence from men and families, women have more freedom to divorce.
a. Feminist theories enable us to see women's options in larger social and policy contexts, so that challenges such as discrimination against divorced lone mothers, particularly among women of colour ow newer immigrants, lack of childcare options, problem with credit ratings, and so on can come into play as women consider divorce.
2. A growing similarity of women's and men's lives may produce less marital cohesion than complementary, reinforcing roles men's lives may produce less marital cohesion than complementary, reinforcing roles do.

- These hypotheses imply that as women become more financially secure, the higher the divorce rate is. Yet as women marry men of a similar SES, it may be that the divorce gap bween higher SES couples and other widens.
- Evidence suggests that the most satisfying marriages (for both spouses) are those in which women's and men's roles in the household are more egalitarian, with men more sensitive and nurturing, and where husbands and wives share equally in making the decisions that affect their lives.
- Greater perceive inequity --> the poorer the marital adjustment --> higher risk of divorce.

Increased due to increases in divorce and births outside the unions.

- The normal divorce, the mother gets custody of the child whereas the fathers get visitation rights. However, joint custody is becoming the new norm these days.
- This can lead to emotional distress, dissatisfaction with custody, visitation and child support arrangements; perception of divorce as unfair, and ongoing conflicts with former spouses.
- This can damage a man's masculine identity.
- Father's typically have limited contact with children after divorce, and this contact decreases over time.
--They feel less competent and satisfied with the role of the father.
- In reality, research proved better outcomes for children in joint custody than in solo custody in terms of emotional, physical, behavioural and psychological wellbeing.
- Poor adjustment to reduced contact with children appears of be one of the factors in divorcing fathers having a suicide rate seven to nine times higher than most divorcing mothers.
- Prior to divorce, fathers are more involved in parenting their children than their fathers did partly due to better education and egalitarianism inspired by second wave feminism.

- In the past, many couples avoided divorce for the children because they feared the harmful effects divorce can have on children.
- However, research shows that the effects of divorce on children as well as on parents depend on what is happening in the family before divorce and the quality of family relationships during and after the divorce.
§ If the family is violent the divorce might provide relief.
- Effects of children can also depend on society's or community's values.
- Negative long-term effects of divorce on children may have become so exaggerates that it's a self-fulfilling prophecy.
§ Children of divorced parents can display poorer social and psychological adjustment than children from non-divorced homes.
§ If schools, counsellors and parents are taught to look for these outcomes, that could account, in part, for why they find them more often. Self-fulfilling prophecy argument.
- Maternal education and income are crucial factors in the effects of divorce of children's achievements.
- Tension and turmoil leading up to a divorce are more harmful to children's mental health than the divorce itself.
- Parental divorce can increase the risk of adolescent depression in 2 ways
1. It may be the source of many secondary problems and stresses that cause depression.
2. Can alter youths' reactions to these stresses, sometimes increasing the depressive effects.
- Economic hardships also increase the risk of depression, thus accounting for the greater vulnerability of youths in single-parent families to depression.
- If custody rules are clear and fair it can improve family functioning
§ Mothers with joint custody report lower levels of parenting stress and better co-parental relations than sole-custody mothers.
§ Joint custody is often more workable for couples who get along better in the first place.
§ Happier set of parents = lead to better parenting.
§ Children living in lone-mother families with no parental conflict and with continuing contact with the non-residential father still have lower levels of well-being than children who live in 2 parent families with no parental conflict.
- Parental divorce and remarriage have strong effects on children's attitudes toward premarital sex, cohabitation, marriage and divorce, even after controlling parental attitudes. Thus, children do not merely replicate their parents' values and attitudes. Thus, children do not merely replicate their parents' values and attitudes toward non-marital sex, marriage, and divorce, but develop an approach that incorporates their life course experience.
- Children of divorce often marry earlier, are more likely to cohabit, achieve less economically and hold more pro-divorce attitudes.
- Children witnessing their parents' divorce are more likely than other children to learn behaviours that interfere with the maintenance of stable intimate relationships.
§ Lower educational and occupational attainment of children of divorce is more likely associated with reduced financial support than with a loss of confidence in higher education.
§ Exposure to parental divorce nor exposure to parental conflict affects the quality of attachment to adult intimates, nor the quality of parenting.

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