Society and Social Interaction
achieved status: the status a person chooses, such as a level of education or income
agricultural societies: societies that rely on farming as a way of life
alienation: an individual’s isolation from his society, his work, and his sense of self
anomie: a situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness
ascribed status: the status outside of an individual’s control, such as sex or race
bourgeoisie: the owners of the means of production in a society
capitalism: a way of organizing an economy so that the things that are used to make and
transport products [such as land, oil, factories, ships, etc.] are owned by individual people and
companies rather than by the government
class consciousness: the awareness of one’s rank in society
collective conscience: the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society
false consciousness: a person’s beliefs and ideology that are in conflict with her best interests
feudal societies: societies that operate on a strict hierarchical system of power based around land
ownership and protection
habitualization: the idea that society is constructed by us and those before us, and it is followed
like a habit
horticultural societies: societies based around the cultivation of plants
hunter-gather societies: societies that depend on hunting wild animals and gathering
uncultivated plants for survival
industrial societies: societies characterized by a reliance on mechanized labor to create material
goods
information societies: societies based on the production of nonmaterial goods and services
institutionalization: the act of implanting a convention or norm into society
iron cage: a situation in which an individual is trapped by social institutions
looking-glass self: our reflection of how we think we appear to others
mechanical solidarity: a type of social order maintained by the collective consciousness of a
culture
- Preface
1 An Introduction to Sociology
- Introduction
- 1.1What Is Sociology?
- 1.2The History of Sociology
- 1.3Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology
- 1.4Why Study Sociology?
- Key Terms
- Section Summary
- Section Quiz
- Short Answer
- Further Research
- References
- Introduction
- 2.1Approaches to Sociological Research
- 2.2Research Methods
- 2.3Ethical Concerns
- Key Terms
- Section Summary
- Section Quiz
- Short Answer
- Further Research
- References
- Introduction
- 3.1What Is Culture?
- 3.2Elements of Culture
- 3.3High, Low, Pop, Sub, Counter-culture and Cultural Change
- 3.4Theoretical Perspectives on Culture
- Key Terms
- Section Summary
- Section Quiz
- Short Answer
- Further Research
- References
4 Society and Social Interaction
- Introduction
- 4.1Types of Societies
- 4.2Theoretical Perspectives on Society
- 4.3Social Constructions of Reality
- Key Terms
- Section Summary
- Section Quiz
- Short Answer
- Further Research
- References
- Introduction
- 5.1Theories of Self-Development
- 5.2Why Socialization Matters
- 5.3Agents of Socialization
- 5.4Socialization Across the Life Course
- Key Terms
- Section Summary
- Section Quiz
- Short Answer
- Further Research
- References
6 Groups and Organization
- Introduction
- 6.1Types of Groups
- 6.2Group Size and Structure
- 6.3Formal Organizations
- Key Terms
- Section Summary
- Section Quiz
- Short Answer
- Further Research
- References
-
7 Deviance, Crime, and Social Control
- Introduction
- 7.1 Deviance and Control
- 7.2Theoretical Perspectives on Deviance and Crime
- 7.3Crime and the Law
- Key Terms
- Section Summary
- Section Quiz
- Short Answer
- Further Research
- References
- Introduction
- 8.1Technology Today
- 8.2Media and Technology in Society
- 8.3Global Implications of Media and Technology
- 8.4Theoretical Perspectives on Media and Technology
- Key Terms
- Section Summary
- Section Quiz
- Short Answer
- Further Research
- References
9 Social Stratification in the United States
- Introduction
- 9.1What Is Social Stratification?
- 9.2Social Stratification and Mobility in the United States
- 9.3Global Stratification and Inequality
- 9.4 Theoretical Perspectives on Social Stratification
- Key Terms
- Section Summary
- Section Quiz
- Short Answer
- Further Research
- References
- Introduction
- 10.1Global Stratification and Classification
- 10.2Global Wealth and Poverty
- 10.3Theoretical Perspectives on Global Stratification
- Key Terms
- Section Summary
- Section Quiz
- Short Answer
- Further Research
- References
- Introduction
- 11.1Racial, Ethnic, and Minority Groups
- 11.2Theoretical Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity
- 11.3Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism
- 11.4Intergroup Relationships
- 11.5Race and Ethnicity in the United States
- Key Terms
- Section Summary
- Section Quiz
- Short Answer
- Further Research
- References
12 Gender, Sex, and Sexuality
- Introduction
- 12.1Sex, Gender, Identity, and Expression
- 12.2Gender and Gender Inequality
- 12.3Sexuality
- Key Terms
- Section Summary
- Section Quiz
- Short Answer
- Further Research
- References
- Introduction
- 13.1Who Are the Elderly? Aging in Society
- 13.2The Process of Aging
- 13.3Challenges Facing the Elderly
- 13.4Theoretical Perspectives on Aging
- Key Terms
- Section Summary
- Section Quiz
- Short Answer
- Further Research
- References
-
14 Relationships, Marriage, and Family
- Introduction
- 14.1What Is Marriage? What Is a Family?
- 14.2Variations in Family Life
- 14.3Challenges Families Face
- Key Terms
- Section Summary
- Section Quiz
- Short Answer
- Further Research
- References
- Introduction
- 15.1The Sociological Approach to Religion
- 15.2World Religions
- 15.3Religion in the United States
- Key Terms
- Section Summary
- Section Quiz
- Short Answer
- Further Research
- References
-
- Introduction
- 16.1Education around the World
- 16.2Theoretical Perspectives on Education
- 16.3Issues in Education
- Key Terms
- Section Summary
- Section Quiz
- Short Answer
- Further Research
- References
-
17 Government and Politics
- Introduction
- 17.1 Power and Authority
- 17.2Forms of Government
- 17.3 Politics in the United States
- 17.4Theoretical Perspectives on Government and Power
- Key Terms
- Section Summary
- Section Quiz
- Short Answer
- Further Research
- References
- Introduction to Work and the Economy
- 18.1Economic Systems
- 18.2Globalization and the Economy
- 18.3Work in the United States
- Key Terms
- Section Summary
- Section Quiz
- Short Answer
- Further Research
- References
-
- Introduction
- 19.1The Social Construction of Health
- 19.2Global Health
- 19.3Health in the United States
- 19.4Comparative Health and Medicine
- 19.5Theoretical Perspectives on Health and Medicine
- Key Terms
- Section Summary
- Section Quiz
- Short Answer
- Further Research
- References
20 Population, Urbanization, and the Environment
- Introduction
- 20.1Demography and Population
- 20.2Urbanization
- 20.3The Environment and Society
- Key Terms
- Section Summary
- Section Quiz
- Short Answer
- Further Research
- References
21 Social Movements and Social Change
- Introduction to Social Movements and Social Change
- 21.1Collective Behavior
- 21.2Social Movements
- 21.3Social Change
- Key Terms
- Section Summary
- Section Quiz
- Short Answer
- References
- Chapter 1
- Chapter 2
- Chapter 3
- Chapter 4
- Chapter 5
- Chapter 6
- Chapter 7
- Chapter 8
- Chapter 9
- Chapter 10
- Chapter 11
- Chapter 12
- Chapter 13
- Chapter 14
- Chapter 15
- Chapter 16
- Chapter 17
- Chapter 18
- Chapter 19
- Chapter 20
- Chapter 21
- Index
achieved statusthe status a person chooses, such as a level of education or incomeagricultural societiessocieties that rely on farming as a way of lifealienationan individual’s isolation from his society, his work, and his sense of self anomiea situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousnessascribed statusthe status outside of an individual’s control, such as sex or racebourgeoisie the owners of the means of production in a society capitalisma way of organizing an economy so that the things that are used to make and transport products [such as land, oil, factories, ships, etc.] are owned by individual people and companies rather than by the governmentclass consciousnessthe awareness of one’s rank in society collective consciencethe communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a societyfalse consciousnessa condition in which the beliefs, ideals, or ideology of a person are not in the person’s own best interestfeudal societiessocieties that operate on a strict hierarchical system of power based around land ownership and protectionhabitualizationthe idea that society is constructed by us and those before us, and it is followed like a habit horticultural societiessocieties based around the cultivation of plantshunter-gatherer societiessocieties that depend on hunting wild animals and gathering uncultivated plants for survivalindustrial societiessocieties characterized by a reliance on mechanized labor to create material goodsinformation societiessocieties based on the production of nonmaterial goods and services institutionalizationthe act of implanting a convention or norm into societyiron cagea situation in which an individual is trapped by social institutionslooking-glass selfour reflection of how we think we appear to others mechanical solidaritya type of social order maintained by the collective consciousness of a cultureorganic solidaritya type of social order based around an acceptance of economic and social differencespastoral societiessocieties based around the domestication of animalsproletariatthe laborers in a societyrationalizationa belief that modern society should be built around logic and efficiency rather than morality or traditionrole conflicta situation when one or more of an individual’s roles clashrole performancethe expression of a rolerole strainstress that occurs when too much is required of a single rolerole-setan array of roles attached to a particular statusrolespatterns of behavior that are representative of a person’s social statusself-fulfilling prophecyan idea that becomes true when acted uponsocial integrationhow strongly a person is connected to his or her social groupsocietya group of people who live in a definable community and share the same cultural componentsstatusthe responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to his or her rank and role in societyThomas theoremhow a subjective reality can drive events to develop in accordance with that reality, despite being originally unsupported by objective reality
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